Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

What is PGD?

PGD is a treatment which involves checking the genes or chromosomes of your embryos for a specific genetic condition. Because the embryos need to be tested in a lab you will need to have IVF, even if you and your partner have no fertility problems. Embryos which have been tested and are free of the condition will be placed back into your womb to hopefully continue to develop.

Find out more about IVF

Who can have PGD?

Your doctor may discuss PGD with you if:

• you have ended previous pregnancies because of a serious genetic condition
• you already have a child with a serious genetic condition and want to avoid this happening again
• you have a family history of a serious genetic condition, or
• you have a family history of chromosome problems.

Which genetic conditions can be tested for during PGD?

PGD can be used to test for almost any genetic condition where a specific gene is known to cause that condition. At the moment nearly 400 conditions have been approved for testing:

List of conditions you can test for

What if I have a genetic condition that hasn't been approved for testing?

If there’s a genetic condition you’d like to be able to test for that hasn’t already been approved, your clinic will need to apply to us to add it to the PGD list. There are strict criteria for deciding which conditions should be permitted so bear in mind it could be a lengthy process and you may not be successful.

Read our guidance on embryo testing for clinics 

Learn more about the HFEA’s PGD application process

Find a PGD clinic near you 

How safe is PGD?

The PGD treatment itself is thought to be very safe – there is no evidence that babies born following PGD suffer from any more health or developmental problems than babies born using IVF alone. There are risks from having IVF though, some of which can be very serious.

Find out more about the risks of IVF 

Although an embryo can develop normally even when it has had a cell removed, there is a possibility that some embryos may be damaged by the process, which means they would need to be discarded. In addition, PGD is not 100% accurate so there’s a small chance the tests may not work or may give the wrong information.

What’s the chance of having a baby with PGD?

As with most fertility treatments, success depends on many factors, including the woman’s age and whether there are any existing fertility problems. We only have a small amount of data on births from PGD because it’s a fairly rare treatment.

In 2017, there were 690 treatment cycles of PGD:

• 90 of these cycles used fresh embryos and the birth rate per embryo transferred was 39%.
• 600 of these cycles used frozen embryos and the birth rate per embryo transferred was 38%.

Why might PGD be unsuccessful?

Unfortunately sometimes there are no embryos suitable for transfer to the womb. This could be because:

• not enough eggs are produced or fertilised in the first place
• removing the cells for analysis damages the embryos
• all the embryos are affected by the genetic disease

What are the next steps for having PGD?

Your first step should be to talk to your GP about your options, who will refer you to a genetics centre for further advice about all your options. In some cases you can get PGD treatment on the NHS but it depends on your situation and where you live – your GP should be able to advise you.

Once it’s been agreed that PGD is the right treatment for you you’ll be referred to a specialist at your local hospital or fertility clinic. In order to carry out PGD treatment, all clinics (including NHS clinics) must have a relevant licence from us:

Choose a clinic

You can also find a list of Genetic Centres in your area by visiting the Genetic Alliance UK website.